<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7272264800752710361</id><updated>2011-04-21T11:34:39.937-07:00</updated><title type='text'>zaman koq begini</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>icetea</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540948000823524710</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SQAqlhkjcgI/AAAAAAAAAAM/gH0p4_aBZ_w/S220/PICT0911.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>5</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7272264800752710361.post-8270443749902469268</id><published>2008-11-11T16:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-11T16:34:15.716-08:00</updated><title type='text'>aRtiKeL KeS.LinG 1</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;AiR pOluTiON..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Air pollution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; is the human introduction into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Earth's atmosphere"&gt;atmosphere&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical" title="Chemical" class="mw-redirect"&gt;chemicals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matter" title="Particulate matter" class="mw-redirect"&gt;particulate matter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_material" title="Biological material"&gt;biological materials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Air pollution causes deaths&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease"&gt;respiratory disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-WHO_2-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-WHO-2" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Air pollution is often identified with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_stationary_source" title="Major stationary source"&gt;major stationary sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, but the greatest &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factors" title="AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors"&gt;source of emissions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; is mobile sources, mainly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile"&gt;automobiles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Gases such as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, which contribute to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming"&gt;global warming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, have recently gained recognition as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pollutants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis"&gt;photosynthesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere"&gt;Stratospheric&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion"&gt;ozone depletion&lt;/a&gt; due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems" title="Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect"&gt;ecosystems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Pollutants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Air_.pollution_1.jpg" class="image" title="Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide."&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Air_.pollution_1.jpg/180px-Air_.pollution_1.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="120" width="180" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Air_.pollution_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Before &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization" title="Flue gas desulfurization"&gt;flue gas desulfurization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; was installed, the emissions from this power plant in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico"&gt;New Mexico&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; contained excessive amounts of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide"&gt;sulfur dioxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-4" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide"&gt;Sulfur oxides&lt;/a&gt; (SO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;) especially &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide"&gt;sulfur dioxide&lt;/a&gt; are emitted from burning of coal and oil.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide"&gt;Nitrogen oxides&lt;/a&gt; (NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;) especially &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide"&gt;nitrogen dioxide&lt;/a&gt; are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_%28hydrodynamics%29" title="Plume (hydrodynamics)"&gt;plume&lt;/a&gt; downwind of cities.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide"&gt;Carbon monoxide&lt;/a&gt; is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"&gt;Carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt; (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas"&gt;greenhouse gas&lt;/a&gt; emitted from combustion.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" title="Volatile organic compounds" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Volatile organic compounds&lt;/a&gt; (VOC), such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon"&gt;hydrocarbon&lt;/a&gt; fuel vapors and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent"&gt;solvents&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matter" title="Particulate matter" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Particulate matter&lt;/a&gt; (PM), measured as smoke and dust. PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; is the fraction of suspended particles 10 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre"&gt;micrometers&lt;/a&gt; in diameter and smaller that will enter the nasal cavity. PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; has a maximum particle size of 2.5 µm and will enter the bronchies and lungs.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Toxic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal"&gt;metals&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"&gt;lead&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"&gt;cadmium&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"&gt;copper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons" title="Chlorofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Chlorofluorocarbons&lt;/a&gt; (CFCs), harmful to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer"&gt;ozone layer&lt;/a&gt; emitted from products currently banned from use.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia"&gt;Ammonia&lt;/a&gt; (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) emitted from agricultural processes.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor"&gt;Odors&lt;/a&gt;, such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_pollutants" title="Radioactive pollutants" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Radioactive pollutants&lt;/a&gt; produced by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosions" title="Nuclear explosions" class="mw-redirect"&gt;nuclear explosions&lt;/a&gt;, war &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives" title="Explosives" class="mw-redirect"&gt;explosives&lt;/a&gt;, and natural processes such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay"&gt;radioactive decay&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"&gt;radon&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Secondary pollutants include:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog"&gt;smog&lt;/a&gt;, such as nitrogen dioxide.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_level_ozone" title="Ground level ozone" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Ground level ozone&lt;/a&gt; (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) formed from NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and VOCs.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxyacetyl_nitrate" title="Peroxyacetyl nitrate"&gt;Peroxyacetyl nitrate&lt;/a&gt; (PAN) similarly formed from NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and VOCs.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Minor air pollutants include:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;A large number of minor &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazardous_air_pollutants" title="Category:Hazardous air pollutants"&gt;hazardous air pollutants&lt;/a&gt;. Some of these are regulated in USA under the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act"&gt;Clean Air Act&lt;/a&gt; and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;A variety of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant"&gt;persistent organic pollutants&lt;/a&gt;, which can attach to particulate matter.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Sources" id="Sources"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="mw-headline"&gt;Sources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dust_Storm_Texas_1935.jpg" class="image" title="Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dust_Storm_Texas_1935.jpg/300px-Dust_Storm_Texas_1935.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="196" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dust_Storm_Texas_1935.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Dust storm approaching &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Texas" title="Stratford, Texas"&gt;Stratford, Texas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg" class="image" title="Controlled burning of a field outside of Statesboro, Georgia in preparation for spring planting"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg/300px-BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="158" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burning" title="Controlled burning" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Controlled burning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; of a field outside of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesboro,_Georgia" title="Statesboro, Georgia"&gt;Statesboro, Georgia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; in preparation for spring planting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shanghaiairpollutionsunset.jpg" class="image" title="Puxi area of Shanghai at sunset. The sun has not actually dropped below the horizon yet, rather it has reached the smog line."&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Shanghaiairpollutionsunset.jpg/300px-Shanghaiairpollutionsunset.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="225" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shanghaiairpollutionsunset.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Puxi area of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai"&gt;Shanghai&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; at sunset. The sun has not actually dropped below the horizon yet, rather it has reached the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog"&gt;smog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; line.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Smock_over_San_Francisco.jpg" class="image" title="Wildfire on Angel Island sends smoke over Bay Bridge and Downtown San Francisco"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Smock_over_San_Francisco.jpg/300px-Smock_over_San_Francisco.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="200" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Smock_over_San_Francisco.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Wildfire on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Island_%28California%29" title="Angel Island (California)"&gt;Angel Island&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; sends &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke"&gt;smoke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; over &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Bridge" title="Bay Bridge"&gt;Bay Bridge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; and Downtown &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco"&gt;San Francisco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which are:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anthropogenic sources&lt;/b&gt; (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel"&gt;fuel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;"Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant" title="Power plant" class="mw-redirect"&gt;power plants&lt;/a&gt;, manufacturing facilities, municipal waste incinerators.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;"Mobile Sources" as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modeling" title="Roadway air dispersion modeling"&gt;motor vehicles&lt;/a&gt;, aircraft etc.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Marine vessels, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ships" title="Container ships" class="mw-redirect"&gt;container ships&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ships" title="Cruise ships" class="mw-redirect"&gt;cruise ships&lt;/a&gt;, and related &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port" title="Port"&gt;port&lt;/a&gt; air pollution.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Burning &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood"&gt;wood&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplaces" title="Fireplaces" class="mw-redirect"&gt;fireplaces&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove" title="Stove"&gt;stoves&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace" title="Furnace"&gt;furnaces&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerator" title="Incinerator" class="mw-redirect"&gt;incinerators&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery"&gt;Oil refining&lt;/a&gt;, and industrial activity in general.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicals" title="Chemicals" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Chemicals&lt;/a&gt;, dust and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn"&gt;controlled burn&lt;/a&gt; practices in agriculture and forestry management, (see &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl"&gt;Dust Bowl&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Fumes from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint" title="Paint"&gt;paint&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_spray" title="Hair spray"&gt;hair spray&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish"&gt;varnish&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_spray" title="Aerosol spray"&gt;aerosol sprays&lt;/a&gt; and other solvents.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Waste deposition in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill"&gt;landfills&lt;/a&gt;, which generate &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"&gt;methane&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Military, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon"&gt;nuclear weapons&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_gas" title="Toxic gas" class="mw-redirect"&gt;toxic gases&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfare" title="Germ warfare" class="mw-redirect"&gt;germ warfare&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket"&gt;rocketry&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Natural sources&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust" title="Dust"&gt;Dust&lt;/a&gt; from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"&gt;Methane&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence"&gt;emitted&lt;/a&gt; by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion"&gt;digestion&lt;/a&gt; of food by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal"&gt;animals&lt;/a&gt;, for example &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle"&gt;cattle&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"&gt;Radon&lt;/a&gt; gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke"&gt;Smoke&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide"&gt;carbon monoxide&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfires" title="Wildfires" class="mw-redirect"&gt;wildfires&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano"&gt;Volcanic&lt;/a&gt; activity, which produce &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"&gt;sulfur&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"&gt;chlorine&lt;/a&gt;, and ash &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate" title="Particulate"&gt;particulates&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Emission_factors" id="Emission_factors"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="mw-headline"&gt;Emission factors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Air &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pollutant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; emission factors are representative values that attempt to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency"&gt;United States Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/a&gt; has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a multitude of industrial sources.The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt; and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Indoor air quality (IAQ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"&gt;Radon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; (Rn) gas, a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen"&gt;carcinogen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet"&gt;carpeting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood"&gt;plywood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; emit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde"&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; (H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" title="Volatile organic compounds" class="mw-redirect"&gt;volatile organic compounds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; (VOCs) as they dry. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"&gt;Lead&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; paint can degenerate into &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust" title="Dust"&gt;dust&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshener" title="Air freshener"&gt;air fresheners&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense" title="Incense"&gt;incense&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, and other scented items. Controlled &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood"&gt;wood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; fires in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove" title="Stove"&gt;stoves&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace"&gt;fireplaces&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide"&gt;pesticides&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; other countries have published similar compilations, as has the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency"&gt;European Environment Agency&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a name="Indoor_air_quality_.28IAQ.29" id="Indoor_air_quality_.28IAQ.29"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide"&gt;Carbon monoxide&lt;/a&gt; (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal"&gt;charcoal&lt;/a&gt; indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly adjusted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_light" title="Pilot light"&gt;pilot lights&lt;/a&gt;. Traps are built into all domestic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing"&gt;plumbing&lt;/a&gt; to keep sewer gas, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide"&gt;hydrogen sulfide&lt;/a&gt;, out of interiors. Clothing emits &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene"&gt;tetrachloroethylene&lt;/a&gt;, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning"&gt;dry cleaning&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos"&gt;asbestos&lt;/a&gt; in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis"&gt;Asbestosis&lt;/a&gt; is a chronic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation"&gt;inflammatory&lt;/a&gt; medical condition affecting the tissue of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung" title="Lung"&gt;lungs&lt;/a&gt;. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea" title="Dyspnea"&gt;dyspnea&lt;/a&gt; (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer"&gt;lung cancer&lt;/a&gt;. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the &lt;a href="http://www.euro.who.int/document/aiq/6_2_asbestos.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.euro.who.int/document/aiq/6_2_asbestos.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;World Health Organisation (WHO)&lt;/a&gt;, these may defined as; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis"&gt;asbestosis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;lung cancer&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma"&gt;mesothelioma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet" title="Pet"&gt;Pets&lt;/a&gt; produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite"&gt;mites&lt;/a&gt; in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane"&gt;methane&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold" title="Mold"&gt;mold&lt;/a&gt; forms in walls and generates &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxins" title="Mycotoxins" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mycotoxins&lt;/a&gt; and spores, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning"&gt;air conditioning&lt;/a&gt; systems can incubate &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosis" title="Legionellosis"&gt;Legionnaires' disease&lt;/a&gt; and mold, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant"&gt;houseplants&lt;/a&gt;, soil and surrounding &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens" title="Gardens" class="mw-redirect"&gt;gardens&lt;/a&gt; can produce &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen"&gt;pollen&lt;/a&gt;, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Health_effects" id="Health_effects"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Health effects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-WHO-2" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological" title="Epidemiological" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Epidemiological&lt;/a&gt; studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans die each year from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary" title="Cardiopulmonary" class="mw-redirect"&gt;cardiopulmonary&lt;/a&gt; disease linked to breathing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates" class="mw-redirect"&gt;fine particle air pollution&lt;/a&gt;. . ."&lt;sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-11" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A study by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham"&gt;University of Birmingham&lt;/a&gt; has shown a strong correlation between &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia"&gt;pneumonia&lt;/a&gt; related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-12" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency"&gt;US EPA&lt;/a&gt; estimates that a proposed set of changes in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel"&gt;diesel&lt;/a&gt; engine technology (&lt;i&gt;Tier 2&lt;/i&gt;) could result in 12,000 fewer &lt;i&gt;premature mortalities&lt;/i&gt;, 15,000 fewer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction"&gt;heart attacks&lt;/a&gt;, 6,000 fewer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_room" title="Emergency room" class="mw-redirect"&gt;emergency room&lt;/a&gt; visits by children with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma"&gt;asthma&lt;/a&gt;, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt; was the 1984 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Disaster" title="Bhopal Disaster" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bhopal Disaster&lt;/a&gt;.Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A., killed more than 2,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others, some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt; suffered its worst air pollution event when the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_4" title="December 4"&gt;December 4&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_1952" title="Great Smog of 1952"&gt;Great Smog of 1952&lt;/a&gt; formed over &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"&gt;London&lt;/a&gt;. In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more died within the following months.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; An accidental leak of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax"&gt;anthrax&lt;/a&gt; spores from a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare"&gt;biological warfare&lt;/a&gt; laboratory in the former &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" title="USSR" class="mw-redirect"&gt;USSR&lt;/a&gt; in 1979 near &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk" title="Sverdlovsk"&gt;Sverdlovsk&lt;/a&gt; is believed to have been the cause of hundreds of civilian deaths.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"&gt;United States of America&lt;/a&gt; occurred in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donora,_Pennsylvania" title="Donora, Pennsylvania"&gt;Donora, Pennsylvania&lt;/a&gt; in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-14" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Effects_on_cystic_fibrosis" id="Effects_on_cystic_fibrosis"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Effects on cystic fibrosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;A study from 1999 to 2000 by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington"&gt;University of Washington&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; showed that patients near and around particulate matter air pollution had an increased risk of pulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-15" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Patients were examined before the study for amounts of specific pollutants like &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa"&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cenocepacia" title="Burkholderia cenocepacia"&gt;Burkholderia cenocepacia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; as well as their socioeconomic standing. Participants involved in the study were located in the United States in close proximity to an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency"&gt;Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" class="noprint Inline-Template"&gt;&lt;span title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs clarification or removal of jargon" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"&gt;clarify&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; During the time of the study 117 deaths were associated with air pollution. A trend was noticed that patients living closer or in large metropolitan areas to be close to medical help also had higher level of pollutants found in their system because of more emissions in larger cities. With cystic fibrosis patients already being born with decreased lung function everyday pollutants such as smoke emissions from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper use of indoor heating devices could add to the dissemination of lung function&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-16" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Effects_on_COPD" id="Effects_on_COPD"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="mw-headline"&gt;Effects on COPD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; (COPD) include diseases such as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_bronchitis" title="Chronic bronchitis"&gt;chronic bronchitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema"&gt;emphysema&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, and some forms of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma"&gt;asthma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-17" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Two researchers Holland and Reid conducted research on 293 male postal workers in London during the time of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_1952" title="Great Smog of 1952"&gt;Great Smog of 1952&lt;/a&gt; incident and 477 male postal workers in the rural setting. The volume of air that could be exhaled in 1 second (FEV&lt;sub style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;) was significantly lower in urban employees due to city pollutions such as car fumes and increased amount of cigarette exposure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-18" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" class="noprint Inline-Template"&gt;&lt;span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s) since September 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"&gt;verification needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; It is believed that much like &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis"&gt;cystic fibrosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, by living in a more urban environment serious health hazards become more apparent. Studies have shown that in urban areas patients suffer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus"&gt;mucus&lt;/a&gt; hypersecretion, lower levels of lung function, and more self diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-19" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a name="The_Great_Smog_of_1952" id="The_Great_Smog_of_1952"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3 style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="mw-headline"&gt;T&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;he Great Smog of 1952&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;        In the matter of four days a combination of dense fog and sooty black coal smoke came over the London area.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-20" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; The fog was so dense residents of London could not see in front of them. The extreme reduction in visibility was accompanied by an increase in criminal activity as well as transportation delays and a virtual shut down of the city. During the 4 day period of fog, at least 4,000 people died as a direct result of the weather.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-21" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Effects_on_children" id="Effects_on_children"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="mw-headline"&gt;Effects on children&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants has the possibility of children living within them to develop &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma"&gt;asthma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia"&gt;pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; and other lower respiratory infections as well as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensure the youths health is being taken in cities such as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi,_India" title="New Delhi, India" class="mw-redirect"&gt;New Delhi, India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; where buses now use compressed natural gas to help eliminate the “pea-soup” fog.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-22" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Research by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization"&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; shows there is the greatest concentration of particulate matter particles in countries with low economic world power and high poverty and population rates. Examples of these countries include &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"&gt;Egypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"&gt;Sudan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"&gt;Mongolia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act"&gt;Clean Air Act&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; was passed in 1970, however in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in areas that did not meet at least one of the “criteria pollutants” laid out in the 1997 National Ambient Air Quality Standards.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution#cite_note-23" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Those pollutants included: ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Reduction_efforts" id="Reduction_efforts"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Reduction efforts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;There are various air pollution control technologies and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning"&gt;urban planning&lt;/a&gt; strategies available to reduce air pollution.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since January 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; expanding regulation to new sources (such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ships" title="Cruise ships" class="mw-redirect"&gt;cruise&lt;/a&gt; and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as lawn trimmers, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw"&gt;chainsaws&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobiles" title="Snowmobiles" class="mw-redirect"&gt;snowmobiles&lt;/a&gt;), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle"&gt;hybrid vehicles&lt;/a&gt;), conversion to cleaner fuels (such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanol" title="Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect"&gt;bioethanol&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel"&gt;biodiesel&lt;/a&gt;, or conversion to electric vehicles).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a name="Control_devices" id="Control_devices"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3 style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="mw-headline"&gt;Control devices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminant" title="Contaminant" class="mw-redirect"&gt;contaminants&lt;/a&gt; or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="-moz-column-count: 2; color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate" title="Particulate"&gt;Particulate control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mechanical collectors (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation"&gt;dust cyclones&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multicyclones&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Multicyclones (page does not exist)"&gt;multicyclones&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator"&gt;Electrostatic precipitators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collector#Types_of_Baghouses" title="Dust collector"&gt;Baghouses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber"&gt;Particulate scrubbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber"&gt;Scrubbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_spray_scrubber" title="Baffle spray scrubber"&gt;Baffle spray scrubber&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_spray_scrubber" title="Cyclonic spray scrubber"&gt;Cyclonic spray scrubber&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber" title="Ejector venturi scrubber"&gt;Ejector venturi scrubber&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_aided_scrubber" title="Mechanically aided scrubber"&gt;Mechanically aided scrubber&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_tower" title="Spray tower"&gt;Spray tower&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber"&gt;Wet scrubber&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide"&gt;NOx control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LO-NOx_burner" title="LO-NOx burner"&gt;Low NOx burners&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction" title="Selective catalytic reduction"&gt;Selective catalytic reduction&lt;/a&gt; (SCR)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_non-catalytic_reduction" title="Selective non-catalytic reduction"&gt;Selective non-catalytic reduction&lt;/a&gt; (SNCR)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber"&gt;NOx scrubbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculation" title="Exhaust gas recirculation"&gt;Exhaust gas recirculation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter"&gt;Catalytic converter&lt;/a&gt; (also for VOC control)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound"&gt;VOC abatement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption"&gt;Adsorption systems&lt;/a&gt;, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon"&gt;activated carbon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare"&gt;Flares&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_oxidizer" title="Thermal oxidizer"&gt;Thermal oxidizers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalytic_oxidizer&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalytic oxidizer (page does not exist)"&gt;Catalytic oxidizers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter"&gt;Biofilters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber"&gt;Absorption (scrubbing)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryogenic_condenser&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryogenic condenser (page does not exist)"&gt;Cryogenic condensers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_recovery" title="Vapor recovery"&gt;Vapor recovery systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_gas" title="Acid gas"&gt;Acid Gas&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide"&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt; control&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber"&gt;Wet scrubbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber#Dry_scrubbing" title="Scrubber"&gt;Dry scrubbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization" title="Flue gas desulfurization"&gt;Flue gas desulfurization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29" title="Mercury (element)"&gt;Mercury&lt;/a&gt; control&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorbent_Injection_Technology&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorbent Injection Technology (page does not exist)"&gt;Sorbent Injection Technology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electro-Catalytic_Oxidation&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Electro-Catalytic Oxidation (page does not exist)"&gt;Electro-Catalytic Oxidation&lt;/a&gt; (ECO)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K-Fuel&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K-Fuel (page does not exist)"&gt;K-Fuel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin"&gt;Dioxin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan" title="Furan"&gt;furan&lt;/a&gt; control&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Miscellaneous associated equipment&lt;/b&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Source_capturing_systems&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Source capturing systems (page does not exist)"&gt;Source capturing systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous_emissions_monitoring_systems&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuous emissions monitoring systems (page does not exist)"&gt;Continuous emissions monitoring systems&lt;/a&gt; (CEMS)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;a name="Legal_regulations" id="Legal_regulations"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="mw-headline"&gt;Legal regulations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt; &lt;div style="width: 52px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Globe_important.svg" class="image" title="Globe icon"&gt;&lt;img alt="Globe icon" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Globe_important.svg/46px-Globe_important.svg.png" border="0" height="45" width="46" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text" style=""&gt;The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias"&gt;worldwide view&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; of the subject.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;improve this article&lt;/a&gt; or discuss the issue on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Air_pollution" title="Talk:Air pollution"&gt;talk page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;div style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cairo_in_smog.jpg" class="image" title="Smog in Cairo"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cairo_in_smog.jpg/300px-Cairo_in_smog.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="225" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cairo_in_smog.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Smog in Cairo&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of standards (such as the U.S. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards"&gt;National Ambient Air Quality Standards&lt;/a&gt;) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Quality_Index" title="Air Quality Index"&gt;Air Quality Index&lt;/a&gt;) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7272264800752710361-8270443749902469268?l=dindaesti.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/feeds/8270443749902469268/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/artikel-kesling-1.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/8270443749902469268'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/8270443749902469268'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/artikel-kesling-1.html' title='aRtiKeL KeS.LinG 1'/><author><name>icetea</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540948000823524710</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SQAqlhkjcgI/AAAAAAAAAAM/gH0p4_aBZ_w/S220/PICT0911.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7272264800752710361.post-1005877310122625275</id><published>2008-11-11T14:45:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-11T16:36:07.815-08:00</updated><title type='text'>aRtiKeL KeS.LinG 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;      &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;  EnVirOnmEnt HeALtH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;        &lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;        Environmental health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; is the branch of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health"&gt;public health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; that is concerned with all aspects of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment"&gt;natural&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment"&gt;built environment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; that may affect human &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health" title="Health"&gt;health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;. Other terms that refer to the discipline of environmental health include &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;environmental public health&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;environmental health and protection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environmental health is defined by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organisation" title="World Health Organisation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;World Health Organisation&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;br /&gt;Those aspects of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_health" title="Human health" class="mw-redirect"&gt;human health&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease" title="Disease"&gt;disease&lt;/a&gt; that are determined by factors in the environment. It also refers to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory" title="Theory"&gt;theory&lt;/a&gt; and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health.&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environmental health as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, includes both the direct pathological effects of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical" title="Chemical" class="mw-redirect"&gt;chemicals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation"&gt;radiation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; and some &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological" title="Biological"&gt;biological&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; agents, and the effects (often indirect) on health and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellness" title="Wellness"&gt;wellbeing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; of the broad &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical" title="Physical"&gt;physical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological" title="Psychological" class="mw-redirect"&gt;psychological&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social" title="Social"&gt;social&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic" title="Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;aesthetic&lt;/a&gt; environment which includes &lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing" title="Housing"&gt;housing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_development" title="Urban development" class="mw-redirect"&gt;urban development&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use"&gt;land use&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport"&gt;transport&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;        Environmental health addresses all human-health-related aspects of both the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment"&gt;natural environment&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment"&gt;built environment&lt;/a&gt;. Environmental health concerns include:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality" title="Air quality" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Air quality&lt;/a&gt;, including both ambient outdoor air and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality"&gt;indoor air quality&lt;/a&gt;, which also comprises concerns about &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_tobacco_smoke" title="Environmental tobacco smoke" class="mw-redirect"&gt;environmental tobacco smoke&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art"&gt;Body art&lt;/a&gt; safety, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattooing" title="Tattooing" class="mw-redirect"&gt;tattooing&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing"&gt;body piercing&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_cosmetics" title="Permanent cosmetics" class="mw-redirect"&gt;permanent cosmetics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change"&gt;Climate change&lt;/a&gt; and its effects on health.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness" title="Disaster preparedness" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Disaster preparedness&lt;/a&gt; and response.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety"&gt;Food safety&lt;/a&gt;, including in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture"&gt;agriculture&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation" title="Transportation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;transportation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing"&gt;food processing&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale" title="Wholesale"&gt;wholesale&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail" title="Retail" class="mw-redirect"&gt;retail&lt;/a&gt; distribution and sale.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_materials" title="Hazardous materials" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hazardous materials&lt;/a&gt; management, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste"&gt;hazardous waste&lt;/a&gt; management, contaminated site remediation, the prevention of leaks from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_storage_tank" title="Underground storage tank"&gt;underground storage tanks&lt;/a&gt; and the prevention of hazardous materials releases to the environment and responses to emergency situations resulting from such releases.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing" title="Housing"&gt;Housing&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substandard_housing" title="Substandard housing" class="mw-redirect"&gt;substandard housing&lt;/a&gt; abatement and the inspection of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jails" title="Jails" class="mw-redirect"&gt;jails&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons" title="Prisons" class="mw-redirect"&gt;prisons&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Childhood &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning"&gt;lead poisoning&lt;/a&gt; prevention.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Land use planning, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth"&gt;smart growth&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Liquid waste disposal, including city &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment" class="mw-redirect"&gt;wastewater treatment&lt;/a&gt; plants and on-site waste water disposal systems, such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank"&gt;septic tank&lt;/a&gt; systems and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet"&gt;chemical toilets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_waste" title="Medical waste"&gt;Medical waste&lt;/a&gt; management and disposal.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution"&gt;Noise pollution&lt;/a&gt; control.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health" title="Occupational health" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Occupational health&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_hygiene" title="Industrial hygiene" class="mw-redirect"&gt;industrial hygiene&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Radiological health, including exposure to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation"&gt;ionizing radiation&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rays" title="X-rays" class="mw-redirect"&gt;X-rays&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_isotopes" title="Radioactive isotopes" class="mw-redirect"&gt;radioactive isotopes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Recreational water illness prevention, including from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pools" title="Swimming pools" class="mw-redirect"&gt;swimming pools&lt;/a&gt;, spas and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean"&gt;ocean&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" title="Freshwater"&gt;freshwater&lt;/a&gt; bathing places.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Safe &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water"&gt;drinking water&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_waste_management" title="Solid waste management" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Solid waste management&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill"&gt;landfills&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling"&gt;recycling&lt;/a&gt; facilities, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting" title="Composting"&gt;composting&lt;/a&gt; and solid waste transfer stations.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic" title="Toxic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Toxic&lt;/a&gt; chemical exposure whether in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_products" title="Consumer products" class="mw-redirect"&gt;consumer products&lt;/a&gt;, housing, workplaces, air, water or soil.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control"&gt;Vector control&lt;/a&gt;, including the control of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoes" title="Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mosquitoes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents" title="Rodents" class="mw-redirect"&gt;rodents&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flies" title="Flies" class="mw-redirect"&gt;flies&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockroaches" title="Cockroaches"&gt;cockroaches&lt;/a&gt; and other animals that may transmit &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens" title="Pathogens" class="mw-redirect"&gt;pathogens&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7272264800752710361-1005877310122625275?l=dindaesti.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/feeds/1005877310122625275/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/environment-health.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/1005877310122625275'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/1005877310122625275'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/environment-health.html' title='aRtiKeL KeS.LinG 2'/><author><name>icetea</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540948000823524710</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SQAqlhkjcgI/AAAAAAAAAAM/gH0p4_aBZ_w/S220/PICT0911.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7272264800752710361.post-5477060914579964322</id><published>2008-11-11T14:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-11T14:31:09.219-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="239"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr  style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;td height="167" width="646"&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Kesehatan &amp;amp; Indonesia Sehat              2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Bila kita              renungkan pada skala individu maka thema "Kesehatan adalah investasi              menuju Indonesia Sehat 2010",akan mengajak kita untuk lebih              menghargai arti sehat bagi manusia, karena sehat adalah modal dasar              (asset) dalam melakukan segala sesuatu. Pengertian sehat meliputi              kesehatan jasmani, rohani, serta sosial dan bukan hanya keadaan              bebas dari penyakit, cacat dan kelemahan.&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Oleh karenanya              dikatakan "Health is not everything, but without health everything              is nothing (kesehatan memang bukan segala - galanya, namun tanpa              kesehatan segala - galanya menjadi tidak berarti ). Kita tahu bahwa              lahir rejeki dan mati itu adalah kekuasaan Tuhan,YME, dan sakit atau              gangguan kesehatan itu juga bersifat alamiah artinya setiap manusia              pasti mengalami gangguan kesehatan karena faktor usia, atau karena              hasil interaksi manusia dengan lingkungan hidupnya. namum terlepas              dari itu menurut pendapat penulis bahwa sehat itu tidak bersifat              pasif yang didapat begitu saja, akan tetapi bersifat aktif yang              harus diupayakan sendiri oleh setiap manusia atau kelompok              masyarakat. Bila manusia tidak mengupayakan agar tubuhnya              terpelihara secara baik maka orang tersebut memiliki potensi untuk              menjadi tidak sehat atau terganggu kesehatannya, sebaliknya bila              seseorang mengupayakan untuk memelihara tubuhnya secara baik maka              orang tersebut memiliki resiko yang rendah terhadap terjadinya              gangguan kesehatan. &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Seorang pakar              Kesehatan Masyarakat HL. Blume dikatakan bahwa Kesehatan Lingkungan              dan perilaku manusia merupakan dua faktor dominan yang berpengaruh              terhadap status kesehatan suatu masyarakat. Semakin perilaku manusia              bergaya hidup sehat semakin rendah resikonya ia mengalami gangguan              kesehatan. Demikian juga halnya dengan faktor lingkungan, semakin              sehat lingkungan dimana ia hidup (di rumah, tempat kerja, tempat -              tempat umum dan transportasi ), semakin rendah resikonya ia              mengalami gangguan kesehatan. &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Bila hal itu              dilihat dengan pandangan accounting, maka biaya atas upaya manusia              atau masyarakat untuk mencegah, mengeliminir atau meminimalkan              potensi resiko, agar tidak terjadi sakit, tidak produktif, dan              merugikan biaya yang lebih besar, maka upaya dimaksud mestinya dapat              dimasukkan kedalam biaya investasi untuk menjaga asset. bukan biaya              operasional yang bersifat belaja barang habis pakai ( expences ).              Sehingga status kesehatan manusia sebagai SDM dapat dinilai sebagai              asset seperti halnya jenis asset lainnya yang memiliki nilai              penyusutan (amortisasi ). &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p  style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0);font-family:verdana;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Kesehatan tidak identik              dengan kedokteran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Seringkali orang              mengartikan sama antara kesehatan dan kedokteran. Kesehatan memiliki              domain perhatiannya lebih luas dari pada kedokteran. Yang jelas              sasaran perhatian kesehatan tidak terbatas pada orang yang sakit              saja melainkan juga orang yang sehat. Sedangkan kedokteran lebih              menekankan perhatiannya pada orang atau masyarakat yang sakit. Sifat              upayanya pada kesehatan bisa bersifat pendidikan dan pemberdayaan              masyarakat (promotif), pencegahan atau minimalisasi potensi resiko              (preventif), pengobatan (kuratif ) dan pemulihan atau optimalisasi              fungsi (rehabilitatif). Sedangkan pada kedokteran lebih menekankan              pada upaya yang bersifat pengobatan atau kuratif yakni identifikasi              penyebab sakit, serta memberikan tindakan untuk              mengobatinya/mengatasinya secara tepat, atau tindakan pencegahan              terhadap tingkat keparahan yang lebih tinggi. &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Oleh karena              perhatian kesehatan lebih luas dari perhatian kedokteran maka dapat              dikatakan bahwa semua upaya manusia/masyarakat yang ditujukan              langsung untuk kepentingan pemeliharaan kesehatan manusia/              masyarakat itu adalah upaya kesehatan sebagai contoh ; pemberdayaan              masyarakat bergaya hidup sehat, membangun rumah yang sehat,              penyediaan air bersih yang sehat dan memadai, berolahraga, cara              kerja yang sehat dan aman, cara makan yang sehat, memelihara              kualitas lingkungan hidup manusia yang sehat, perencanaan              pembangunan kota yang sehat, dll, termasuk didalamnya pelayanan              kedokteran kepada orang sakit.&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Pemeliharaan              kesehatan itu adalah Hak Azasi manusia, maka status kesehatan bangsa              Indonesia ini tidak hanya dihasilkan oleh kinerja Departemen              Kesehatan saja, melainkan merupakan resultante dari upaya bersama              dari masayarakat dan pemerintah termasuk depatermen non kesehatan.              Oleh karenanya appresiasi dan support terhadap upaya masyarakat dan              departemen lain perlu terus dikembangkan untuk mencegah persepsi              bahwa upaya kesehatan menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintah yaitu sektor              kesehatan saja.&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Dilihat dari              aspek pembiayaan kesehatan maka biaya atas upaya individu untuk              memelihara kesehatannya (HAM) maka menjadi tanggung jawab individu              tersebut (private finance) seperti; berobat ke Rumah              Sakit/Puskesmas, beli obat sendiri, konsultasi ke dokter, dll.              Sedangkan biaya kesehatan untuk kepentingan masyarakat banyak              menjadi tanggung jawab bersama yang dikelola oleh pemerintah (public              finance) seperti ; immunisasi, penyediaan air minum, lingkungan              hidup yang sehat, pengendalian vektor penyakit, dll. Dari aspek              pembiayaan kesehatan yang lebih penting dibiayai oleh public finance              adalah upaya-upaya yang bersifat untuk kepentingan publik yakni              upaya kesehatan masyarakat, bukan upaya kedokteran yang seharusnya              menjadi tanggung jawab private finance, kecuali untuk subsidi              masyarakat tertentu yang membutuhkan. Untuk mengoptimalkan peran              private finance agar lebih effisien, perlu dikembangkan sistem              pembiayaan kesehatan yang dibiayai oleh Private finance dengan              sistem asuransi. &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p style="color: rgb(0, 153, 0);" class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Paradigma              sehat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Paradigma sehat              sebenarnya bukan paradigma baru bagi dunia kesehatan masyarakat              namun menjadi orientasi baru bagi Departemen Kesehatan dalam              melaksanakan pembangunannya sejak tahun 1999 yang telah dinyatakan              oleh Menteri Kesehatan saat itu ( Prof.dr. FA. Moeloek ) dan              dicanangkan oleh Presiden Habibie "Pembangunan Berwawasan Kesehatan"              (Maret 1999). Penulis menghargai kebijakan beliau yang tepat untuk              membawa departemen Kesehatan kepada orientasi Kesehatan yang lebih              luas, bukan orientasi kedokteran yang lebih sempit. Kenaapa              orientasi tersebut secara formal perlu dicanangkan menjadi suatu              kebijakan, mungkin saja karena dulunya prioritas perhatian sektor              kesehatan masih memprioritaskan masalah - masalah penyakit yang              mewabah saat itu seperti wabah Pes, Malaria, Demam Berdarah,              sehingga tanpa disadari terjebak pada orientasi mengatasi penyakit              yang sebenarnya adalah domain dari kedokteran. Salah satu yang dapat              dijadikan indikator sejauh mana Departemen Kesehatan memiliki              komitmen terhadap orientasi Paradigma sehat yang telah secara formal              dicanangkan, adalah dengan membandingkan prosentase alokasi anggaran              upaya promotif, preventif dengan alokasi upaya kuratif. Bila alokasi              anggaran masih lebih besar pada anggaran yang bersifat upaya              kuratif, maka paradigma sehat yang dicanangkan tersebut masih belum              berhasil menjadi komitmen Depkes itu sendiri. &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Visi              Indonesia Sehat 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Visi Indonesia              Sehat 2010 yang telah dirumuskan oleh Dep.Kes (1999) menyatakan              bahwa, gambaran masyarakat Indonesia dimasa depan yang ingin dicapai              melalui pembangunan kesehatan adalah masyarakat, bangsa dan negara              yang ditandai oleh penduduknya hidup dalam lingkungan dan dengan              perilaku yang sehat, memiliki kemampuan untuk menjangkau pelayanan              kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, serta memiliki              derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya diseluruh wilayah Republik              Indonesia.&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Pengertian sehat              meliputi kesehatan jasmani, rohani, serta sosial dan bukan hanya              keadaan bebas dari penyakit, cacat dan kelemahan. Masyarakat              Indonesia yang dicita citakan adalah masyarakat Indonesia yang              mempunyai kesadaran, kemauan dan kemampuan untuk hidup sehat              sehingga tercapai derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya, sebagai              salah satu unsur dari pembangunan sumber daya manusia Indonesia              seutuhnya. &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Visi tersebut              telah tiga tahun yang lalu berhasil dirumuskan oleh Departemen              Kesehatan RI yang mestinya telah dijabarkan kedalam program kerja              yang lebih bersifat operasional untuk mencapai visi itu. Beberapa              tahun lagi kita akan mencapai tahun 2010, dan saat itu kita tentu              akan menyaksikan bersama apakah gambaran tersebut akan menjadi              kenyataan?. Namun yang perlu kita renungkan visi Indonesia sehat              2010 sebenarnya visi siapa? Bila itu merupakan visi Departemen              Kesehatan RI saja atau yang dirumuskan hanya oleh beberpa pejabat              saja sedangkan dalam cita citanya adalah masyarakat Indonesia yang              mempunyai kesadaran, kemauan dan kemampuan untuk hidup sehat.             &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Pertanyaanya              berikutnya adalah bagaimana masyarakat Indonesia ikut merasa meiliki              terhadap visi itu karena ia ditempatkan sebagai subyek yang harus              berubah. Namun jika itu adalah perwujudan dari visi bangsa              Indonesia, pertanyaanya adalah sejauh mana keterlibatan              masyarakat/bangsa Indonesia ini terlibat dalam merumuskan visi itu              sehingga mereka juga punya komitment untuk merealisasikan visi              tersebut. Bila kita lupakan saja itu visi siapa yang jelas seperti              yang saya uraikan sebelumnya baha status kesehatan bangsa Indonesia              merupakan resultanste upaya bersama, maka yang harus kita upayakan              adalah bagaimana visi Indonesia 2010 sehat, itu menjadi milik dan              bagian dalam kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. Tanpa masyarakat dan sektor              lain merasakan itu, maka komitmennya untuk ikut mewujudkan visi              tersebut juga akan lemah, karena untuk mewujudkan visi dibutuhkan              komitmen semua pihak (stakeholder).&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;          Akhirnya kita sebagai bangsa Indonesia perlulah merenung sejenak              untuk membayangkan dapatkan visi mulia "Indonesia Sehat 2010 " itu              akan terwujud. Tentunya kita tidak berharap bahwa pada saatnya nanti              visi itu akan menjadi sekedar jargon yang terlewatkan dan terlupakan              begitu saja. Sementara dunia telah metapkan status kesehatan              masyarakat menjadi salah satu komponen Human Development Index ( HDI              ) yaitu indikator kemajuan kualitas SDM suatu bangsa.&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;             &lt;p&gt; &lt;!--/area Type="main"--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"&gt;             &lt;td height="10"&gt;             &lt;img alt="" src="file:///D:/rIZwaN/Web/spacer.gif" height="10" width="1" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td height="52" width="646"&gt;             &lt;!--area Type="area_a" face="Times, Times New Roman" size="3" color="#CCFFCC" style="0"--&gt;             &lt;div align="right"&gt;               &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;                 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;                   &lt;td align="center" background="file:///D:/rIZwaN/Web/spacer.gif" width="270"&gt;                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;                 &lt;tr&gt;                   &lt;td align="center" background="file:///D:/rIZwaN/Web/spacer.gif"&gt;                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;                 &lt;tr&gt;                   &lt;td align="center" background="file:///D:/rIZwaN/Web/spacer.gif" width="270"&gt;                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;                 &lt;/tr&gt;               &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;             &lt;/div&gt;             &lt;!--/area Type="area_a"--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;         &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7272264800752710361-5477060914579964322?l=dindaesti.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/feeds/5477060914579964322/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/kesehatan-indonesia-sehat-2010-bila.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/5477060914579964322'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/5477060914579964322'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/kesehatan-indonesia-sehat-2010-bila.html' title=''/><author><name>icetea</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540948000823524710</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SQAqlhkjcgI/AAAAAAAAAAM/gH0p4_aBZ_w/S220/PICT0911.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7272264800752710361.post-6215353095368428986</id><published>2008-11-07T17:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-13T00:48:18.100-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SRvoTQwm0oI/AAAAAAAAABo/KW2v61kSlk4/s1600-h/glbl+wrming+3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SRvoTQwm0oI/AAAAAAAAABo/KW2v61kSlk4/s320/glbl+wrming+3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5268059606753923714" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penyebab Global Warming&lt;/strong&gt; atau &lt;strong&gt;Penyebab Pemanasan Global&lt;/strong&gt; dijelaskan oleh Al Quran sbb ;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" align="justify"&gt;Setiap aktivitas manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya pasti mempengaruhi lingkungan. Hal tersebut telah ditanyakan oleh para malaikat kepada Allah saat malaikat bertanya mengapa Allah menciptakan manusia sebagai khalifah di muka bumi padahal manusia itu akan membuat kerusakan di muka bumi. Pertanyaan ini terekam dalam Surat Al Baqarah ayat 30. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" align="justify"&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Manusia sejak lahir memerlukan dukungan alam seperti selimut, kain, popok, makanan, susu, dan sebagainya, sehingga keberadaan manusia di muka bumi akan mempengaruhi lingkungan sekitarnya. Semakin banyak jumlah manusia maka kecenderungan kerusakan lingkungan semakin besar. Semakin banyak kebutuhan manusia, semakin cepat terdegradasi lingkungan di sekitarnya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Beberapa ilmuwan menyatakan pemanasan global terjadi karena faktor alam. Namun sebagian besar lagi menyatakan hal itu terjadi karena ulah manusia. Alquran menjawab perdebatan faktor penyebab pemanasan global melalui Surat Asy-Syura ayat 27. Di situ disebutkan bahwa penyebab kerusakan bumi itu adalah ulah manusia itu sendiri yang melampaui batas (berlebih-lebihan).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Akibat belebih-lebihan&lt;br /&gt;Lingkungan memiliki daya lenting berupa kemampuan untuk kembali ke keadaan semula setelah diintervensi. Lingkungan dapat kembali ke keadaan keseimbangan apabila terjadi intervensi, namun tingkat pengembaliannya memerlukan banyak waktu. Kecepatan intervensi manusia sendiri tergantung dari tingkat kebutuhan dan keinginannya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Penyebab utama pemanasan global adalah pembakaran bahan bakar fosil, seperti batu bara, minyak bumi, dan gas alam, yang melepas karbondioksida dan gas-gas lainnya yang dikenal sebagai gas rumah kaca ke atmosfer. Pembakaran bahan bakar fosil umumnya disebabkan aktivitas industri, transportasi, dan rumah tangga. Aktivitas tersebut meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan penduduk dan keinginan masyarakat modern yang semakin beragam.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Pandangan Islam mengenai pertambahan penduduk dan keinginan masyarakat modern yang makin beragam adalah mengingatkan agar tindakan dan kebutuhan manusia tidak berlebih-lebihan (Al-Isra:27). Kebutuhan manusia dapat diperhitungkan dan dipenuhi oleh sumber alam yang ada di muka bumi, namun keinginan manusia sangatlah banyak. Memenuhi semua keinginan manusia hanya akan memperburuk keadaan. Perbandingan pola produksi dan konsumsi di antara negara berkembang dan negara maju membuktikan hal tersebut.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dari data World Resources Institute tahun 1994 menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 1991 AS mengkonsumsi energi hampir tiga kali lipat lebih banyak dari Jepang untuk menghasilkan 1 dolar AS GNP-nya. Dengan penduduk yang hanya 4,6 persen dari penduduk dunia, pada tahun 1991 AS menghasilkan 22 persen emisi global CO2. Dengan pola konsumsi energi sebagai indikator bagi lingkungan yang berkelanjutan, kelahiran bayi di AS menghasilkan 2 kali lipat dampak lingkungan bagi bumi dibandingkan seorang bayi yang lahir di Swedia, 3 kali lipat dibanding di Italia, 13 kali lipat dibanding Brazil, 35 kali dari India, dan 140 kali lipat dibanding Bangladesh.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Berbagai macam solusi telah ditawarkan untuk mengurangi dampak pemanasan global seperti menanam pohon untuk menyerap gas karbon dioksida yang ada di udara, mengurangi penggunaan barang-barang yang tidak dapat didaur ulang, mengurangi emisi CFC, dan sebagainya. Alquran lebih jauh membahas solusi permasalahan tersebut dari sikap preventif yaitu dengan tidak berlebih-lebihan atau tidak bersikap boros (Al-Furqan:67).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Oleh karena itu, pertemuan-pertemuan internasional seharusnya membahas mengenai standar hidup maksimal. Standar hidup maksimal meliputi gaya hidup, pemakaian rumah, penggunaan air, atau yang sejenisnya. Gaya hidup berlebihan seperti memiliki pakaian, sepatu, dan perhiasan yang jumlahnya sangat banyak padahal penggunaannya sangat jarang, perlu dibatasi.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Penggunaan pesawat jet pribadi yang hanya mengangkut 1 atau 2 orang artis, atau mobil yang hanya berpenumpang 1 atau 2 orang dapat menyebabkan pemborosan sumber energi. Pembangunan rumah yang memiliki kamar sangat banyak padahal hanya digunakan oleh beberapa orang juga perlu dibatasi. Penggunaan air dalam rumah tangga perlu diatur sesuai dengan kebutuhan dasar dan jumlah orang yang ada di rumah tersebut.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Rasulullah telah mengingatkan kita bahwa apa yang ada di dunia ini akan sirna dan apa yang kita berikan adalah kepunyaan kita sesungguhnya di akhirat. Karena itu, pemilikan atau penggunaan barang yang berlebihan sangat tidak dianjurkan dalam Islam. Islam menuntun agar setiap manusia lebih banyak memberi daripada memiliki.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Solusi permasalahan pemanasan global tidak hanya terkait dengan mengubah energi fosil menjadi energi biofuel atau energi alternatif lainnya. Menurut Alquran, semua tindakan berlebihan pada akhirnya akan merugikan manusia. Penggunaan sumber energi massal akan menyebabkan output dalam jumlah massal. Bahan apapun apabila dibuang dalam jumlah banyak dan dalam waktu yang cepat, pasti akan mempengaruhi keseimbangan lingkungan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Oleh karena itu mengubah sumber energi dari energi fosil menjadi energi biofuel tidak menjamin lingkungan akan aman, sebab pembakaran biofuel pasti akan menghasilkan polutan dalam jumlah massal dan dalam waktu yang cepat. Penggunaan energi hendaknya bersumber dari energi yang paling mudah didapatkan, paling murah biayanya, dan paling mudah mengoperasikannya di suatu daerah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Bahaya penyeragaman Pertanian yang dituding menjadi pemicu &lt;strong&gt;pemanasan global&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;Global warming&lt;/strong&gt;) karena penggunaan pupuk, peptisida, dan konversi lahan dari hutan menjadi pertanian perlu juga dikaji. Sentralisasi yang dilakukan oleh orde baru terhadap pola makan bangsa Indonesia menyebabkan ketergantungan rakyat Indonesia terhadap beras sangat tinggi. Dulu beberapa kelompok masyarakat di Indonesia punya sumber-sumber pangan alternatif.&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7272264800752710361-6215353095368428986?l=dindaesti.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/feeds/6215353095368428986/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/penyebab-global-warming-atau-penyebab.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/6215353095368428986'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/6215353095368428986'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/penyebab-global-warming-atau-penyebab.html' title=''/><author><name>icetea</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540948000823524710</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SQAqlhkjcgI/AAAAAAAAAAM/gH0p4_aBZ_w/S220/PICT0911.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SRvoTQwm0oI/AAAAAAAAABo/KW2v61kSlk4/s72-c/glbl+wrming+3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7272264800752710361.post-2406647194522247446</id><published>2008-11-07T16:42:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-13T00:42:21.801-08:00</updated><title type='text'>glObaL wArmiNg</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SRvmUatRvJI/AAAAAAAAABg/jFz9YMYeQ1E/s1600-h/global_warming.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 228px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SRvmUatRvJI/AAAAAAAAABg/jFz9YMYeQ1E/s320/global_warming.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5268057427580927122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt; glObaL wArmiNg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt;Perubahan Iklim Global atau dalam bahasa inggrisnya GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE menjadi pembicaraan hangat di dunia dan hari ini Konferensi Internasional yang membahas tentang hal tersebut sedang diselenggarakan di Nusa Dua Bali mulai tanggal 3 hingga 14 Desember 2007, diikuti oleh delegasi dari lebih dari 100 negara peserta. Salah satu penyebab perubahan iklim adalah Pemanasan Global (Global Warming).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);" align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pemanasan Global adalah kejadian meningkatnya temperatur rata-rata atmosfer, laut dan daratan Bumi.&lt;/strong&gt; Pemanasan Global disebabkan diantaranya oleh “Greenhouse Effect” atau yang kita kenal dengan EFEK RUMAH KACA. Efek rumah kaca disebabkan karena naiknya konsentrasi gas karbondioksida (CO2) dan gas-gas lainnya di atmosfer. Kenaikan konsentrasi gas CO2 ini disebabkan oleh kenaikan pembakaran bahan bakar minyak (BBM), batu bara dan bahan bakar organik lainnya yang melampaui kemampuan tumbuhan-tumbuhan dan laut untuk mengabsorbsinya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);"&gt; Istilah efek rumah kaca, diambil dari cara tanam yang digunakan para petani di daerah iklim sedang (negara yang memiliki empat musim). Para petani biasa menanam sayuran atau bunga di dalam rumah kaca untuk menjaga suhu ruangan tetap hangat. Kenapa menggunakan kaca/bahan yang bening? Karena sifat materinya yang dapat tertembus sinar matahari. Dari sinar yang masuk tersebut, akan dipantulkan kembali oleh benda/permukaan dalam rumah kaca, ketika dipantulkan sinar itu berubah menjadi energi panas yang berupa sinar inframerah, selanjutnya energi panas tersebut terperangkap dalam rumah kaca. Demikian pula halnya salah satu fungsi atmosfer bumi kita seperti rumah kaca tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7272264800752710361-2406647194522247446?l=dindaesti.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/feeds/2406647194522247446/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/global-warming.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/2406647194522247446'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7272264800752710361/posts/default/2406647194522247446'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dindaesti.blogspot.com/2008/11/global-warming.html' title='glObaL wArmiNg'/><author><name>icetea</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05540948000823524710</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SQAqlhkjcgI/AAAAAAAAAAM/gH0p4_aBZ_w/S220/PICT0911.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_TXtpBzdYyy0/SRvmUatRvJI/AAAAAAAAABg/jFz9YMYeQ1E/s72-c/global_warming.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
